Two kinds of behavioral songs and analysis of sound-production mechanism in kaempfer cicada

In the kaempfer cicada (Platypleura Kaempferi Fabricurs) in Beliing region,the calling and courtship song possess different acoustic properties and behavioral significances.the calling soft-song "zhi-" sounds and loud-song "Zhi-" sounds are separately composed of irregular and regular amplitude-modulating pulses,and the principal frequencies of the carrier band mainly responsible for the sounding effects are 7300±61 Hz and 5819±38 Hz,respectively.The flight phonotactic reactions of female cicadas in long range are mainly relevant to the carrier-frequency property of calling loud-songs.The courtship soft-song "Ou-" sounds and loud-song "ZhiOu-" sounds consist both of pulses without marked amplitudes-modulation properties,and the fund ame nt al frequenc ies of the basic band mainly responsible for the sounding effects are 522 1 9 Hi and 594 1 12 Hi,respectively.The short-range courtship of female cicadas is mainly relevant to the temporal pattern characterized by fundamental frequencies of the courtship loud-song.The sound-production mechanism is discussed in relation to exciting modes of three long ribs corresponding to structures of the sounding membrane.